Last data update: Apr 29, 2024. (Total: 46658 publications since 2009)
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COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC - United States, January 1-April 30, 2021.
CDC COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Case Investigations Team , Birhane Meseret , Bressler Sara , Chang Gregory , Clark Thomas , Dorough Layne , Fischer Marc , Watkins Louise Francois , Goldstein Jason M , Kugeler Kiersten , Langley Gayle , Lecy Kristin , Martin Stacey , Medalla Felicita , Mitruka Kiren , Nolen Leisha , Sadigh Katrin , Spratling Robin , Thompson Gail , Trujillo Alma . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021 70 (21) 792-793 COVID-19 vaccines are a critical tool for controlling the ongoing global pandemic. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued Emergency Use Authorizations for three COVID-19 vaccines for use in the United States.* In large, randomized-controlled trials, each vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (1-3). Despite the high level of vaccine efficacy, a small percentage of fully vaccinated persons (i.e. received all recommended doses of an FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccine) will develop symptomatic or asymptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (2-8). |
Epidemiologic Findings from Case Investigations and Contact Tracing for First 200 Cases of Coronavirus Disease, Santa Clara County, California, USA.
Ortiz N , Villarino E , Lee JT , Bajema KL , Ricaldi JN , Smith S , Lin W , Cortese M , Barskey AE , Da Silva JF , Bonin BJ , Rudman S , Han GS , Fischer M , Chai SJ , Cody SH . Emerg Infect Dis 2021 27 (5) 1301-1308 In January 2020, Santa Clara County, California, USA, began identifying laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease among residents. County staff conducted case and contact investigations focused on households and collected detailed case demographic, occupation, exposure, and outcome information. We describe the first 200 test-positive cases during January 31-March 20, 2020, to inform future case and contact investigations. Probable infection sources included community transmission (104 cases), known close contact with a confirmed case-patient (66 cases), and travel (30 cases). Disease patterns across race and ethnicity, occupational, and household factors suggested multiple infection risk factors. Disproportionately high percentages of case-patients from racial and ethnic subgroups worked outside the home (Hispanic [86%] and Filipino [100%]); household transmission was more common among persons from Vietnam (53%). Even with the few initial cases, detailed case and contact investigations of household contacts capturing occupational and disaggregated race and ethnicity data helped identify at-risk groups and focused solutions for disease control. |
Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines Among Health Care Personnel - 33 U.S. Sites, January-March 2021.
Pilishvili T , Fleming-Dutra KE , Farrar JL , Gierke R , Mohr NM , Talan DA , Krishnadasan A , Harland KK , Smithline HA , Hou PC , Lee LC , Lim SC , Moran GJ , Krebs E , Steele M , Beiser DG , Faine B , Haran JP , Nandi U , Schrading WA , Chinnock B , Henning DJ , LoVecchio F , Nadle J , Barter D , Brackney M , Britton A , Marceaux-Galli K , Lim S , Phipps EC , Dumyati G , Pierce R , Markus TM , Anderson DJ , Debes AK , Lin M , Mayer J , Babcock HM , Safdar N , Fischer M , Singleton R , Chea N , Magill SS , Verani J , Schrag S . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021 70 (20) 753-758 Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, health care personnel (HCP) have been at high risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, through patient interactions and community exposure (1). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended prioritization of HCP for COVID-19 vaccination to maintain provision of critical services and reduce spread of infection in health care settings (2). Early distribution of two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) to HCP allowed assessment of the effectiveness of these vaccines in a real-world setting. A test-negative case-control study is underway to evaluate mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic illness among HCP at 33 U.S. sites across 25 U.S. states. Interim analyses indicated that the VE of a single dose (measured 14 days after the first dose through 6 days after the second dose) was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 74%-87%), adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and underlying medical conditions. The adjusted VE of 2 doses (measured ≥7 days after the second dose) was 94% (95% CI = 87%-97%). VE of partial (1-dose) and complete (2-dose) vaccination in this population is comparable to that reported from clinical trials and recent observational studies, supporting the effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic disease in adults, with strong 2-dose protection. |
Demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of persons under investigation for Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, January 17-February 29, 2020.
McGovern OL , Stenger M , Oliver SE , Anderson TC , Isenhour C , Mauldin MR , Williams N , Griggs E , Bogere T , Edens C , Curns AT , Lively JY , Zhou Y , Xu S , Diaz MH , Waller JL , Clarke KR , Evans ME , Hesse EM , Morris SB , McClung RP , Cooley LA , Logan N , Boyd AT , Taylor AW , Bajema KL , Lindstrom S , Elkins CA , Jones C , Hall AJ , Graitcer S , Oster AM , Fry AM , Fischer M , Conklin L , Gokhale RH . PLoS One 2021 16 (4) e0249901 BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), evolved rapidly in the United States. This report describes the demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of 544 U.S. persons under investigation (PUI) for COVID-19 with complete SARS-CoV-2 testing in the beginning stages of the pandemic from January 17 through February 29, 2020. METHODS: In this surveillance cohort, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided consultation to public health and healthcare professionals to identify PUI for SARS-CoV-2 testing by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of PUI were reported by public health and healthcare professionals during consultation with on-call CDC clinicians and subsequent submission of a CDC PUI Report Form. Characteristics of laboratory-negative and laboratory-positive persons were summarized as proportions for the period of January 17-February 29, and characteristics of all PUI were compared before and after February 12 using prevalence ratios. RESULTS: A total of 36 PUI tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were classified as confirmed cases. Confirmed cases and PUI testing negative for SARS-CoV-2 had similar demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics. Consistent with changes in PUI evaluation criteria, 88% (13/15) of confirmed cases detected before February 12, 2020, reported travel from China. After February 12, 57% (12/21) of confirmed cases reported no known travel- or contact-related exposures. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can inform preparedness for future pandemics, including capacity for rapid expansion of novel diagnostic tests to accommodate broad surveillance strategies to assess community transmission, including potential contributions from asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. |
Lack of Serologic Evidence of Infection Among Health Care Personnel and Other Contacts of First 2 Confirmed Patients With COVID-19 in Illinois, 2020.
McPherson TD , Ghinai I , Binder AM , Freeman BD , Hoskin Snelling C , Hunter JC , Anderson KM , Davenport P , Rudd DL , Zafer M , Christiansen D , Joshi K , Rubin R , Black SR , Fricchione MJ , Pacilli M , Walblay KA , Korpics J , Moeller D , Quartey-Kumapley P , Wang C , Charles EM , Kauerauf J , Patel MT , Disari VS , Fischer M , Jacobs MW , Lester SN , Midgley CM , Rasheed MAU , Reese HE , Verani JR , Wallace M , Watson JT , Thornburg NJ , Layden JE , Kirking HL . Public Health Rep 2020 136 (1) 88-96 OBJECTIVES: Widespread global transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), continues. Many questions remain about asymptomatic or atypical infections and transmission dynamics. We used comprehensive contact tracing of the first 2 confirmed patients in Illinois with COVID-19 and serologic SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing to determine whether contacts had evidence of undetected COVID-19. METHODS: Contacts were eligible for serologic follow-up if previously tested for COVID-19 during an initial investigation or had greater-risk exposures. Contacts completed a standardized questionnaire during the initial investigation. We classified exposure risk as high, medium, or low based on interactions with 2 index patients and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Serologic testing used a SARS-CoV-2 spike enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on serum specimens collected from participants approximately 6 weeks after initial exposure to either index patient. The 2 index patients provided serum specimens throughout their illness. We collected data on demographic, exposure, and epidemiologic characteristics. RESULTS: Of 347 contacts, 110 were eligible for serologic follow-up; 59 (17% of all contacts) enrolled. Of these, 53 (90%) were health care personnel and 6 (10%) were community contacts. Seventeen (29%) reported high-risk exposures, 15 (25%) medium-risk, and 27 (46%) low-risk. No participant had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The 2 index patients had antibodies detected at dilutions >1:6400 within 4 weeks after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: In serologic follow-up of the first 2 known patients in Illinois with COVID-19, we found no secondary transmission among tested contacts. Lack of seroconversion among these contacts adds to our understanding of conditions (ie, use of PPE) under which SARS-CoV-2 infections might not result in transmission and demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is a useful tool to verify epidemiologic findings. |
Enhanced contact investigations for nine early travel-related cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States.
Burke RM , Balter S , Barnes E , Barry V , Bartlett K , Beer KD , Benowitz I , Biggs HM , Bruce H , Bryant-Genevier J , Cates J , Chatham-Stephens K , Chea N , Chiou H , Christiansen D , Chu VT , Clark S , Cody SH , Cohen M , Conners EE , Dasari V , Dawson P , DeSalvo T , Donahue M , Dratch A , Duca L , Duchin J , Dyal JW , Feldstein LR , Fenstersheib M , Fischer M , Fisher R , Foo C , Freeman-Ponder B , Fry AM , Gant J , Gautom R , Ghinai I , Gounder P , Grigg CT , Gunzenhauser J , Hall AJ , Han GS , Haupt T , Holshue M , Hunter J , Ibrahim MB , Jacobs MW , Jarashow MC , Joshi K , Kamali T , Kawakami V , Kim M , Kirking HL , Kita-Yarbro A , Klos R , Kobayashi M , Kocharian A , Lang M , Layden J , Leidman E , Lindquist S , Lindstrom S , Link-Gelles R , Marlow M , Mattison CP , McClung N , McPherson TD , Mello L , Midgley CM , Novosad S , Patel MT , Pettrone K , Pillai SK , Pray IW , Reese HE , Rhodes H , Robinson S , Rolfes M , Routh J , Rubin R , Rudman SL , Russell D , Scott S , Shetty V , Smith-Jeffcoat SE , Soda EA , Spitters C , Stierman B , Sunenshine R , Terashita D , Traub E , Vahey GM , Verani JR , Wallace M , Westercamp M , Wortham J , Xie A , Yousaf A , Zahn M . PLoS One 2020 15 (9) e0238342 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China and has since become pandemic. In response to the first cases identified in the United States, close contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases were investigated to enable early identification and isolation of additional cases and to learn more about risk factors for transmission. Close contacts of nine early travel-related cases in the United States were identified and monitored daily for development of symptoms (active monitoring). Selected close contacts (including those with exposures categorized as higher risk) were targeted for collection of additional exposure information and respiratory samples. Respiratory samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four hundred four close contacts were actively monitored in the jurisdictions that managed the travel-related cases. Three hundred thirty-eight of the 404 close contacts provided at least basic exposure information, of whom 159 close contacts had ≥1 set of respiratory samples collected and tested. Across all actively monitored close contacts, two additional symptomatic COVID-19 cases (i.e., secondary cases) were identified; both secondary cases were in spouses of travel-associated case patients. When considering only household members, all of whom had ≥1 respiratory sample tested for SARS-CoV-2, the secondary attack rate (i.e., the number of secondary cases as a proportion of total close contacts) was 13% (95% CI: 4-38%). The results from these contact tracing investigations suggest that household members, especially significant others, of COVID-19 cases are at highest risk of becoming infected. The importance of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers is also underlined. Isolation of persons with COVID-19, in combination with quarantine of exposed close contacts and practice of everyday preventive behaviors, is important to mitigate spread of COVID-19. |
COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities - 19 States, April 2020.
Dyal JW , Grant MP , Broadwater K , Bjork A , Waltenburg MA , Gibbins JD , Hale C , Silver M , Fischer M , Steinberg J , Basler CA , Jacobs JR , Kennedy ED , Tomasi S , Trout D , Hornsby-Myers J , Oussayef NL , Delaney LJ , Patel K , Shetty V , Kline KE , Schroeder B , Herlihy RK , House J , Jervis R , Clayton JL , Ortbahn D , Austin C , Berl E , Moore Z , Buss BF , Stover D , Westergaard R , Pray I , DeBolt M , Person A , Gabel J , Kittle TS , Hendren P , Rhea C , Holsinger C , Dunn J , Turabelidze G , Ahmed FS , deFijter S , Pedati CS , Rattay K , Smith EE , Luna-Pinto C , Cooley LA , Saydah S , Preacely ND , Maddox RA , Lundeen E , Goodwin B , Karpathy SE , Griffing S , Jenkins MM , Lowry G , Schwarz RD , Yoder J , Peacock G , Walke HT , Rose DA , Honein MA . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (18) Congregate work and residential locations are at increased risk for infectious disease transmission including respiratory illness outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is primarily spread person to person through respiratory droplets. Nationwide, the meat and poultry processing industry, an essential component of the U.S. food infrastructure, employs approximately 500,000 persons, many of whom work in proximity to other workers (1). Because of reports of initial cases of COVID-19, in some meat processing facilities, states were asked to provide aggregated data concerning the number of meat and poultry processing facilities affected by COVID-19 and the number of workers with COVID-19 in these facilities, including COVID-19-related deaths. Qualitative data gathered by CDC during on-site and remote assessments were analyzed and summarized. During April 9-27, aggregate data on COVID-19 cases among 115 meat or poultry processing facilities in 19 states were reported to CDC. Among these facilities, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 4,913 (approximately 3%) workers, and 20 COVID-19-related deaths were reported. Facility barriers to effective prevention and control of COVID-19 included difficulty distancing workers at least 6 feet (2 meters) from one another (2) and in implementing COVID-19-specific disinfection guidelines.* Among workers, socioeconomic challenges might contribute to working while feeling ill, particularly if there are management practices such as bonuses that incentivize attendance. Methods to decrease transmission within the facility include worker symptom screening programs, policies to discourage working while experiencing symptoms compatible with COVID-19, and social distancing by workers. Source control measures (e.g., the use of cloth face covers) as well as increased disinfection of high-touch surfaces are also important means of preventing SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Mitigation efforts to reduce transmission in the community should also be considered. Many of these measures might also reduce asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission (3). Implementation of these public health strategies will help protect workers from COVID-19 in this industry and assist in preserving the critical meat and poultry production infrastructure (4). |
Rapid Sentinel Surveillance for COVID-19 - Santa Clara County, California, March 2020.
Zwald ML , Lin W , Sondermeyer Cooksey GL , Weiss C , Suarez A , Fischer M , Bonin BJ , Jain S , Langley GE , Park BJ , Moulia D , Benedict R , Nguyen N , Han GS . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (14) 419-421 On February 27, 2020, the Santa Clara County Public Health Department (SCCPHD) identified its first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with probable community transmission (i.e., infection among persons without a known exposure by travel or close contact with a patient with confirmed COVID-19). At the time the investigation began, testing guidance recommended focusing on persons with clinical findings of lower respiratory illness and travel to an affected area or an epidemiologic link to a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case, or on persons hospitalized for severe respiratory disease and no alternative diagnosis (1). To rapidly understand the extent of COVID-19 in the community, SCCPHD, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), and CDC began sentinel surveillance in Santa Clara County. During March 5-14, 2020, four urgent care centers in Santa Clara County participated as sentinel sites. For this investigation, county residents evaluated for respiratory symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, or shortness of breath) who had no known risk for COVID-19 were identified at participating urgent care centers. A convenience sample of specimens that tested negative for influenza virus was tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Among 226 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 23% had positive test results for influenza. Among patients who had negative test results for influenza, 79 specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and 11% had evidence of infection. This sentinel surveillance system helped confirm community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Santa Clara County. As a result of these data and an increasing number of cases with no known source of transmission, the county initiated a series of community mitigation strategies. Detection of community transmission is critical for informing response activities, including testing criteria, quarantine guidance, investigation protocols, and community mitigation measures (2). Sentinel surveillance in outpatient settings and emergency departments, implemented together with hospital-based surveillance, mortality surveillance, and serologic surveys, can provide a robust approach to monitor the epidemiology of COVID-19. |
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing on Filter Paper-Dried Serum for Laboratory-Based Dengue Surveillance-American Samoa, 2018.
Curren EJ , Tufa AJ , Hancock WT , Biggerstaff BJ , Vaifanua-Leo JS , Montalbo CA , Sharp TM , Fischer M , Hills SL , Gould CV . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 102 (3) 622-624 Laboratory-based surveillance for arboviral diseases is challenging in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the use of filter paper-dried sera for detection of dengue virus (DENV) RNA during an outbreak in American Samoa. Matched liquid and filter paper-dried sera were collected from patients with suspected dengue and shipped to a reference laboratory for diagnostic testing. RNA was extracted from each sample and tested for DENV RNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of 18 RT-PCR-positive liquid specimens, 14 matched filter paper-dried specimens were positive for a sensitivity of 78% (95% CI, 55-91%). Of 82 RT-PCR-negative liquid specimens, all filter paper-dried specimens were negative for a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 96-100%). Shipping of filter paper-dried specimens was similarly timely but less expensive than shipping liquid sera. Using filter paper-dried serum or blood can be a cost-effective and sustainable approach to surveillance of dengue and other arboviral diseases in resource-limited settings. |
Expanded Molecular Testing on Patients with Suspected West Nile Virus Disease.
Lindsey NP , Messenger SL , Hacker JK , Salas ML , Scott-Waldron C , Haydel D , Rider E , Simonson S , Brown CM , Patel P , Smole SC , Neitzel DF , Schiffman EK , Palm J , Strain AK , Vetter SM , Nefzger B , Fischer M , Rabe IB . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019 19 (9) 690-693 Most diagnostic testing for West Nile virus (WNV) disease is accomplished using serologic testing, which is subject to cross-reactivity, may require cumbersome confirmatory testing, and may fail to detect infection in specimens collected early in the course of illness. The objective of this project was to determine whether a combination of molecular and serologic testing would increase detection of WNV disease cases in acute serum samples. A total of 380 serum specimens collected </=7 days after onset of symptoms and submitted to four state public health laboratories for WNV diagnostic testing in 2014 and 2015 were tested. WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody and RT-PCR tests were performed on specimens collected </=3 days after symptom onset. WNV IgM antibody testing was performed on specimens collected 4-7 days after onset and RT-PCR was performed on IgM-positive specimens. A patient was considered to have laboratory evidence of WNV infection if they had detectable WNV IgM antibodies or WNV RNA in the submitted serum specimen. Of specimens collected </=3 days after symptom onset, 19/158 (12%) had laboratory evidence of WNV infection, including 16 positive for only WNV IgM antibodies, 1 positive for only WNV RNA, and 2 positive for both. Of specimens collected 4-7 days after onset, 21/222 (9%) were positive for WNV IgM antibodies; none had detectable WNV RNA. These findings suggest that routinely performing WNV RT-PCR on acute serum specimens submitted for WNV diagnostic testing is unlikely to identify a substantial number of additional cases beyond IgM antibody testing alone. |
Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men.
Mead PS , Duggal NK , Hook SA , Delorey M , Fischer M , Olzenak McGuire D , Becksted H , Max RJ , Anishchenko M , Schwartz AM , Tzeng WP , Nelson CA , McDonald EM , Brooks JT , Brault AC , Hinckley AF . N Engl J Med 2018 378 (15) 1377-1385 BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has been linked to adverse birth outcomes. Previous reports have shown that person-to-person transmission can occur by means of sexual contact. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study involving men with symptomatic ZIKV infection to determine the frequency and duration of ZIKV shedding in semen and urine and to identify risk factors for prolonged shedding in these fluids. Specimens were obtained twice per month for 6 months after illness onset and were tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay for ZIKV RNA and by Vero cell culture and plaque assay for infectious ZIKV. RESULTS: A total of 1327 semen samples from 184 men and 1038 urine samples from 183 men were obtained 14 to 304 days after illness onset. ZIKV RNA was detected in the urine of 7 men (4%) and in the semen of 60 (33%), including in semen samples from 22 of 36 men (61%) who were tested within 30 days after illness onset. ZIKV RNA shedding in semen decreased substantially during the 3 months after illness onset but continued for 281 days in 1 man (1%). Factors that were independently associated with prolonged RNA shedding included older age, less frequent ejaculation, and the presence of certain symptoms at the time of initial illness. Infectious ZIKV was isolated from 3 of 78 semen samples with detectable ZIKV RNA, all obtained within 30 days after illness onset and all with at least 7.0 log10 ZIKV RNA copies per milliliter of semen. CONCLUSIONS: ZIKV RNA was commonly present in the semen of men with symptomatic ZIKV infection and persisted in some men for more than 6 months. In contrast, shedding of infectious ZIKV appeared to be much less common and was limited to the first few weeks after illness onset. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.). |
Evaluation for West Nile Virus (WNV) RNA in urine of patients within 5 months of WNV infection.
Baty SA , Gibney KB , Staples JE , Patterson AB , Levy C , Lehman J , Wadleigh T , Feld J , Lanciotti R , Nugent CT , Fischer M . J Infect Dis 2012 205 (9) 1476-7 Gibney et al recently reported finding no West Nile virus (WNV) RNA in urine samples collected from 40 patients at 6.5–6.7 years after acute WNV disease [1]. These findings were in contrast to Murray et al, who detected WNV RNA in urine samples collected from 5 of 25 patients (20%) at 1.6–6.7 years after their initial infections [2]. We present results from a prospective evaluation of WNV RNA in urine specimens collected from 63 persons within 5 months after their acute WNV infection. | During the 2010 WNV outbreak in Maricopa County, Arizona, we identified persons with laboratory evidence of acute WNV infection, including detection of WNV immunoglobulin M antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with a clinically compatible illness or WNV RNA in serum samples from asymptomatic blood donors. Information on demographic characteristics, medical history, current medications, and clinical illness was obtained by medical record review and interview with patients or their surrogate. A urine sample was collected during a site visit. The study was approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) human subjects review boards, and participants provided informed consent before enrollment. |
West nile virus RNA not detected in urine of 40 people tested 6 years after acute West Nile virus disease.
Gibney KB , Lanciotti RS , Sejvar JJ , Nugent CT , Linnen JM , Delorey MJ , Lehman JA , Boswell EN , Staples JE , Fischer M . J Infect Dis 2011 203 (3) 344-7 West Nile virus (WNV) causes an acute infection that is usually cleared by an effective immune response after several days of viremia. However, a recent study detected WNV RNA in the urine of 5 of 25 persons (20%) tested several years after their initial acute WNV disease. We evaluated an established cohort of 40 persons >6 years after initial infection with WNV. Urine collected from all participants tested negative for WNV RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and transcription-mediated amplification. Prospective studies are needed to determine if and for how long WNV persists in urine following WNV disease. |
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